Odoardo linol biography of albert

Abstract

Simple Summary

The review aims to explore the historical development of cardiac innervations and neuromodulation, tracing its origins back to the ancient Egyptian concept of “psychostasis”—the ritual weighing of the heart to determine one’s fate in the afterlife. This ancient belief in the heart as the center of human wisdom, emotions, and memory laid the foundation for the later advancements in the scientific understanding of cardiac innervation. Importantly, this ancient cardiocentric worldview also established the ancestral ethical foundations for the study and application of cardiac neuromodulation. The Egyptians believed that the “lightness of the heart”—achieved through a balance of good and bad deeds—was crucial for one’s wellbeing and fate in the afterlife. This ethical framework parallels the modern understanding of the importance of balanced cardiac autonomic control, mediated by the vagus nerve, for overall health and social engagement. The review chronicles key milestones, from Aristotle and Galen’s early physiological studies, to the pioneering anatomical work of Leonardo da Vinci, Vesalius, and William Harvey’s discovery of the circulatory system. It highlights the contributions of 17th century researchers like Richard Lower, who demonstrated the heart’s neural control, and Albrecht von Haller, who discovered the heart’s automaticity. The review emphasizes how the study of cardiac innervation and neuromodulation has regained prominence, particularly in understanding the cardiorespiratory symptoms and dysregulation observed in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (long COVID) and other acute respiratory infections. It draws parallels between the ancient concept of “weighing the heart” in psychostasis and the modern understanding of the “balance of different hormonal, chemical, electrical, and contrasting nervous stimuli” in cardiac neuromodulation. By tracing this historical evolution, the review aims to bridge the gap between ancie

Decade

The s decade ran from January 1, , to December 31,

Events

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April&#;June

July&#;September

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April&#;June

• April 7 &#; The deadline for Catholic priests to leave England expires. Among those who refuse to leave, Ambrose Barlow and William Ward become martyrs. Barlow surrenders on Easter Sunday, April 25, and is hanged on September 10; he will be canonized as a saint in Ward is caught on July 15 and executed on July
• April 15 &#; Aegidius Ursinus de Vivere is appointed by Pope Urban VIII to be the Roman Catholic Church's Patriarch of Jerusalem.
• April 21 &#; England's House of Commons votes to 59 in favor of the conviction for treason and the execution of the Earl of Strafford, and the House of Lords acquiesces. King Charles refuses to give the necessary royal assent.
• April 25 &#; The Battle of Songjin begins in the modern-day North Korean city of Kimch'aek, at the time part of the Chinese Empire controlled by the Ming dynasty. The Ming, led by General Wu Sangui, defeat the Qing rebels.
• April 30 &#; In Morocco, rebel leader and secessionist Sidi al-Ayachi is assassinated.
• May 3 &#; The Protestation of is passed by England's Parliament, requiring all officeholders to swear an oath of allegiance to King Charles I and to the Church of England.
• May 7 &#; England's House of Lords votes, 51 to 9, in favor of the execution of the Earl of Strafford for treason. In fear for his own safety, King Charles I signs Strafford's death warrant on May
• May 11 &#; The Long Parliament in England passes the "Act against Dissolving Parliament without its own Consent".
• May 12 &#; Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, former director of England's Council of the North, is publicly beheaded in London in front of a crowd of thousands of

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